The term bloat in dogs is often used by owners to refer to two different phenomenon. SIMPLE BLOAT is an accumulation of gas in the stomach that stretches and distends the stomach wall. What most people call bloat is actually gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV). In dogs with GDV the stomach first fills, usually with gas (dilation), then twists around (volvulus). When the stomach twists, the contents (such as gas, food and foam) are trapped and blood supply to the stomach is greatly reduced. This causes toxic changes to the stomach tissues that eventually lead to tissue loss, shock and death. This is why bloat is a serious, life-threatening emergency for any dog.

Signs of GDV

The most obvious symptom of bloat is a distended, firm abdomen—some dogs can look as if they swallowed a beach ball. Many dogs will drool excessively due to nausea and may be restless and uncomfortable. Dogs with GDV may attempt to belch or vomit without success in an attempt to empty the stomach. Nonproductive retching in a dog is ALWAYS a sign he needs to be seen by a vet immediately. In dogs that are very bloated, breathing may be difficult due to pressure on the diaphragm. If bloat happens rapidly or goes untreated, the pet can go into shock-weak pulses, pale gums, depression and even collapse. If you see signs of bloat in your pet, time is of the essence in getting him to your veterinarian.

Preventing GDV

No single cause of GDV has been identified, but veterinarians know that certain breeds are more at risk. Breeds with deep, broad chests bloat more often than their smaller counterparts. German Shepherds, Great Danes, Saint Bernards, Rottweilers and Retrievers are a few of the more susceptible breeds. In some families, there seems to be a predisposition to bloat.

In dogs that come from a genetic line prone to bloat, the veterinarian may decide to prevent volvulus by performing a surgery to attach the stomach to the body wall. This prevents the stomach from twisting into a volvulus if bloat does occur, and simple bloat is easier to treat than GDV. Bloat is often seen after ingestion of a large meal, so small, frequent meals are recommended for at-risk pets. Always prevent access to garbage or other inappropriate foods that may cause gas and lead to bloat. Limiting exercise immediately after eating is also recommended as a full stomach can swing with the pet’s movement. Some dogs bloat for no reason at all, so always be aware of your pet’s general condition.

Treating the Bloated Dog

Any dog with bloat will require veterinary attention. An x-ray can determine what type of bloat your dog has. If it is a simple bloat, it can be treated by relieving the gas in the stomach, either by tapping the abdomen or passing a stomach tube while sedated. In the case of GDV, first the pet is treated for shock. Once stable, the dog is taken to surgery, where the veterinarian places the stomach back in its normal position and attaches the stomach to the body wall to prevent another GDV. Dogs that have had GDV once are at high risk for a repeat episode! Because the twisting of the stomach cuts off blood supply, sometimes the veterinarian is forced to remove damaged tissue, including parts of the stomach, small intestine and spleen. Dogs that are treated promptly have a good shot at successful surgery. The longer the pet is bloated without treatment, the more damage is done to the stomach and related organs.

Bloat is not fun for pets, vets or owners. When in doubt, don’t hesitate to have your pet seen by your veterinarian!